Thinking and Intelligence

Thinking and Intelligence

IQ Test: They are designed for English as first language audience. There are many different types of these tests that are found on many different websites to test your abilities.


Cognitive Schema: Toys are an important part of childhood.
Concept: Children's toys
Prototype: Slinky (toy)
Propositions: Linking of two or more concepts together.
For example:"slinkys are toys and yoyo's are toys."
Mental Image: Minds eye





A) Reasoning:

• Drawing conclusions from facts or assumptions

B) Formal Reasoning:

• Algorithms
• Math/division
• Recipes

• Deductive Reasoning- A known idea that is proven plus another known idea that's proven equals a conclusion that must be true.
• Inductive reasoning- A known idea that's proven plus another idea that's proven plus an imagined idea equals a conclusion that's probably true.

C) Informal Reasoning:

• Heuristics- rules of thumb that suggest a course of action without guaranteeing an optimal solution.
• Dialectical- Reasoning is a process of comparing and evaluating opposing points of view.

D) Reflective Judgment:

• The ability to evaluate and integrate evidence considering the alternative interpretations, and reach a defensible conclusion.

E) Cognitive Stages of King and Kitchener:

1. Prereflective stages.

• Know something without evidence.

2. We cannot know everything with certainty. 3. Some judgments are more valid than others.

Development over a life span

Development Over a Life Span

Vocabulary Words:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- Cause of birth defects because of taking alcohol during pregnancy.

Gender identity- The sense of belonging to one sex only.

Adolescence- A period of development between puberty and adulthood.

Puberty- When a person reaches the age of being able to sexually reproduce.

Motor reflexes- Automatic behaviors that are needed for survival.

Separation anxiety- When a person leaves their comfort zone and becomes distressed because of it.

Parentese- "child-directed speech"

Psycholinguists- The psychological influence of interpreting different languages.

Assimilation- The state of being assimilated.

Erikon- German psychoanalyst.

Menopause- The time where the period ends permanently.

Piaget- Swiss psychologist who studied the cognitive development of children.

Gerontology- The study of social, biological, and psychological aging.

Object permanence- The understanding of an object existing even when it is not visible.

Accommodation- Getting accustomed to place, person, or thing.

Socialization- Understanding and learning one's culture.

Sensory motor stages- In Piaget's stages where children use their five senses to learn.

Erikson's Eight Stages

1. Trust vs. Mistrust

2. Autonomy vs. Shame

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

4. Industry vs. inferiority

5. Identity vs. Role confusion

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Generative vs. Stagnate

8. Ego integrity vs. Despair

Personality

Personality

ID- This is an important part of our personality because newborns ' needs are constantly being met. it is the pleasure principle and is in no consideration of the rest. For example when a child is hungry, cries, and wants food, it always gets it.
Ego- This is when personality begins to develop and when the ego understands the needs of others. This is the reality principle where one notices that being selfish is bad and is trying to meet the needs of the id.
Superego- It is the moral part of the three and this is the stage where the person notices its restraints and knows between good an evil.

Regression-When a person goes back to the previous stage of psychological development. Projection-When a person's is unacceptable to another person and that other person is affected. Repression- When a threatening though is blocked from consciousness.
BIG FIVE- Extroversion vs. introversion, neuroticism vs. emotional stability, agreeableness vs. antagonism, conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness, openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience.
Twin studies- Researches have been comparing identical twins with fraternal twins.

Oedipus Complex- Where the personality develops in psycho sexual stages where the energy takes different forms as the child grows.
Psychodynamic Theories- Freud's followers that broke away from him developed their own schools. The most popular psychodynamic approaches are from Carl Jung and of the object-relations theorists.
Displacement- A defense mechanism where people's emotions are directed towards others such as anger.
Reaction formation- A feeling where the unconscious is produced and becomes conscious. Denial- When a person refuses to acknowledge an unpleasant happening.

Dreams

DREAMS

Interpretation

Dreams are interpreted in many different ways depending on every web page. The website we used in order to interpret our dreams was www.dreammoods.com . It has an extensive glossary of dream symbols that can help one understand their dreams.

Analysis ( Coding of Dreams)

1. Characters: They are people, things, and mythical figures that are coded by number, sex, identity, and age.

2. Actions: It can be social interactions and activities such as talking, walking, aggression, or friendliness.

3. Emotions: There are five classes of emotion. They are anger, apprehension, sadness,confusion and happiness.

4. Objects: There are 27 classes ranging from money, food, entertainment, travel, etc.

Examples:

1. My three classmates(2IKA).

2. My sister and I were walking

(D + 1FTA D).

3. I was very sad (HA,D).

4. My mom's new car (TR).